systems can occur due to several common causes. One primary cause is back siphonage, which happens when there is a sudden drop in water pressure in the supply lines. This drop in pressure can cause the flow of water to reverse, drawing contaminated water back into the clean water supply. Back siphonage can be triggered by events such as firefighting activities, water main breaks, or excessive water usage in the vicinity. Another cause of backflow is back pressure, which arises when the pressure in the plumbing system exceeds the supply pressure. This can happen if there is a faulty or oversized pump, thermal expansion, or cross-connections with high-pressure systems. Cross-connections, where a connection exists between the clean water supply and a potential source of contamination, are another common cause of backflow. Examples of cross-connections include irrigation systems, boilers, or chemical mixing tanks that lack proper backflow prevention devices.